diff --git a/selfdrive/modeld/modeld.cc b/selfdrive/modeld/modeld.cc
index 0919c126f6..e2308e582c 100644
--- a/selfdrive/modeld/modeld.cc
+++ b/selfdrive/modeld/modeld.cc
@@ -185,8 +185,8 @@ int main(int argc, char **argv) {
         if (run_count < 10) frames_dropped = 0;  // let frame drops warm up
         float frame_drop_ratio = frames_dropped / (1 + frames_dropped);
 
-        const float *raw_pred_ptr = send_raw_pred ? &model.output[0] : nullptr;
-        model_publish(pm, extra.frame_id, frame_id, frame_drop_ratio, model_buf, raw_pred_ptr, extra.timestamp_eof, model_execution_time);
+        model_publish(pm, extra.frame_id, frame_id, frame_drop_ratio, model_buf, extra.timestamp_eof, model_execution_time,
+                      kj::ArrayPtr<const float>(model.output.data(), model.output.size()));
         posenet_publish(pm, extra.frame_id, vipc_dropped_frames, model_buf, extra.timestamp_eof);
 
         LOGD("model process: %.2fms, from last %.2fms, vipc_frame_id %u, frame_id, %u, frame_drop %.3f", mt2-mt1, mt1-last, extra.frame_id, frame_id, frame_drop_ratio);
diff --git a/selfdrive/modeld/models/driving.cc b/selfdrive/modeld/models/driving.cc
index 892ab780fd..dc42db7538 100644
--- a/selfdrive/modeld/models/driving.cc
+++ b/selfdrive/modeld/models/driving.cc
@@ -53,10 +53,10 @@ void model_init(ModelState* s, cl_device_id device_id, cl_context context) {
   s->input_frames = std::make_unique<float[]>(MODEL_FRAME_SIZE * 2);
 
   constexpr int output_size = OUTPUT_SIZE + TEMPORAL_SIZE;
-  s->output = std::make_unique<float[]>(output_size);
+  s->output.resize(output_size);
 
 #if defined(QCOM) || defined(QCOM2)
-  s->m = std::make_unique<ThneedModel>("../../models/supercombo.thneed", &s->output[0], output_size, USE_GPU_RUNTIME);
+  s->m = std::make_unique<ThneedModel>("../../models/supercombo.thneed", s->output[0], output_size, USE_GPU_RUNTIME);
 #else
   s->m = std::make_unique<DefaultRunModel>("../../models/supercombo.dlc", &s->output[0], output_size, USE_GPU_RUNTIME);
 #endif
@@ -262,8 +262,8 @@ void fill_model(cereal::ModelDataV2::Builder &framed, const ModelDataRaw &net_ou
 }
 
 void model_publish(PubMaster &pm, uint32_t vipc_frame_id, uint32_t frame_id, float frame_drop,
-                   const ModelDataRaw &net_outputs, const float *raw_pred, uint64_t timestamp_eof,
-                   float model_execution_time) {
+                   const ModelDataRaw &net_outputs, uint64_t timestamp_eof,
+                   float model_execution_time, kj::ArrayPtr<const float> raw_pred) {
   const uint32_t frame_age = (frame_id > vipc_frame_id) ? (frame_id - vipc_frame_id) : 0;
   MessageBuilder msg;
   auto framed = msg.initEvent().initModelV2();
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ void model_publish(PubMaster &pm, uint32_t vipc_frame_id, uint32_t frame_id, flo
   framed.setTimestampEof(timestamp_eof);
   framed.setModelExecutionTime(model_execution_time);
   if (send_raw_pred) {
-    framed.setRawPred(kj::arrayPtr((const uint8_t *)raw_pred, (OUTPUT_SIZE + TEMPORAL_SIZE) * sizeof(float)));
+    framed.setRawPred(raw_pred.asBytes());
   }
   fill_model(framed, net_outputs);
   pm.send("modelV2", msg);
diff --git a/selfdrive/modeld/models/driving.h b/selfdrive/modeld/models/driving.h
index c5891013b4..2a857f2770 100644
--- a/selfdrive/modeld/models/driving.h
+++ b/selfdrive/modeld/models/driving.h
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ struct ModelDataRaw {
 
 typedef struct ModelState {
   ModelFrame frame;
-  std::unique_ptr<float[]> output;
+  std::vector<float> output;
   std::unique_ptr<float[]> input_frames;
   std::unique_ptr<RunModel> m;
   cl_command_queue q;
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ ModelDataRaw model_eval_frame(ModelState* s, cl_mem yuv_cl, int width, int heigh
 void model_free(ModelState* s);
 void poly_fit(float *in_pts, float *in_stds, float *out);
 void model_publish(PubMaster &pm, uint32_t vipc_frame_id, uint32_t frame_id, float frame_drop,
-                   const ModelDataRaw &net_outputs, const float *raw_pred, uint64_t timestamp_eof,
-                   float model_execution_time);
+                   const ModelDataRaw &net_outputs, uint64_t timestamp_eof,
+                   float model_execution_time, kj::ArrayPtr<const float> raw_pred);
 void posenet_publish(PubMaster &pm, uint32_t vipc_frame_id, uint32_t vipc_dropped_frames,
                      const ModelDataRaw &net_outputs, uint64_t timestamp_eof);